Regions

Médoc

meh-DOK

The Left Bank peninsula north of Bordeaux, set between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gironde estuary, whose eight appellations include Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Margaux and Saint-Estèphe.

The Médoc is the gravelly peninsula north of Bordeaux city on the Left Bank: INAO's cahier des charges for the Médoc AOC says its wine-growing part stretches for nearly 80 kilometres from north to south and barely more than ten kilometres from east to west, across 50 communes. Bordeaux.com, the site of the Bordeaux wine interprofession, counts eight appellations here: Médoc, Haut-Médoc and six communal appellations (Saint-Estèphe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Listrac-Médoc, Moulis and Margaux). INAO places the Médoc AOC vineyard on the northern half of the Médoc and the Haut-Médoc AOC on the southern half. Its soils mix Quaternary gravel carried by the rivers with Tertiary clay-limestone, and INAO credits the Atlantic to the west and the Gironde estuary to the east with a regulating thermal effect. Cabernet Sauvignon is the majority variety in Médoc and Haut-Médoc reds, according to INAO. Bordeaux.com counts 60 Médoc estates among the red wines of the 1855 Classification, with Château Haut-Brion in the Graves as the one exception; the Crus Bourgeois du Médoc classification covers many of the other estates.

Historical Development

INAO's cahier des charges for the Médoc AOC traces the region's name to the Médulli, the people who lived there, and places the first vine growing in the Gallo-Roman era. Until the 17th century the Médoc was very marshy: INAO's product page records that Henri IV's edict of 8 April 1599 decreed the draining of the coastal marshes, and that many Flemish workers came to drain the estuary lowlands at the start of the 17th century. Bordeaux.com credits Dutch engineers with drying the wetlands in the 17th century. According to INAO, the draining of the marshes, city capital and the first classifications of estates in the 17th century set the stage for the vineyard's growth, and after the Great Winter of 1709, during the vogue for 'New French Clarets', new red plantings used only small-berried varieties: Carmenère, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Verdot, Cot and Merlot. Bordeaux.com's Haut-Médoc page notes that the Bordeaux nobility built estates there from the 16th century onwards, the predecessors of today's châteaux. INAO says Cabernet Sauvignon became the principal variety at the start of the 20th century. The Médoc AOC was recognised by decree on 14 November 1936, and bordeaux.com says winegrowing became predominant in the Médoc from the 1960s onwards.

INAO: Henri IV's edict of 8 April 1599 ordered the coastal marshes drained, and Flemish workers drained the estuary lowlands in the early 17th century
INAO: after the Great Winter of 1709, new red plantings used only small-berried varieties, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Cot and Carmenère
The 1855 Classification ranked the red wines of 60 Médoc estates and one Graves estate, Château Haut-Brion (bordeaux.com); JancisRobinson.com notes the promotion of Château Mouton Rothschild from second to first growth in 1973
INAO dates the Médoc AOC to a decree of 14 November 1936 and says Cabernet Sauvignon became the principal variety at the start of the 20th century

Key Facts

INAO's cahier des charges for the Médoc AOC describes the wine-growing part of the peninsula as nearly 80 kilometres long from north to south and barely more than ten kilometres wide, across 50 communes of the Gironde
Bordeaux.com counts eight appellations in the Médoc: the Médoc and Haut-Médoc AOCs plus six communal appellations (Saint-Estèphe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Listrac-Médoc, Moulis and Margaux)
INAO dates the Médoc AOC to a decree of 14 November 1936, and the Haut-Médoc AOC was also recognised in 1936
Bordeaux.com says the 1855 Classification's red wines are 60 estates in the Médoc and 1 in the Graves (Château Haut-Brion, Pessac-Léognan); see the 1855 Classification article for the full list
INAO names Cabernet Sauvignon the majority variety in Médoc and Haut-Médoc reds, blended mainly with Merlot and to a lesser extent Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot
INAO describes soils split between sandy and clayey gravel sheets carried by the Garonne and Dordogne in the Quaternary and Tertiary clay-limestone soils
The Crus Bourgeois du Médoc classification (first drawn up in 1932) listed 249 châteaux in 2020 and 170 in 2025, according to Decanter

Geography, Climate, and Terroir

INAO places the Médoc AOC's geographical area in the Gironde department on the left bank of the Garonne and then of the Gironde, north of Bordeaux, and says its wine-growing part stretches for nearly 80 kilometres from north to south. The vineyard landscape is gently contoured, between 3 and 50 metres of altitude, bounded by forest to the west and the Gironde estuary to the east. INAO describes Tertiary marine clay-limestone layers overlain, during the alternating glacial periods of the Quaternary, by river deposits of moraines, gravel, sand and silt; after erosion inverted the relief, these became outlier mounds of Garonne or glacial gravel ranging from small pebbles to large stones. The other defining factor, according to INAO, is topographic: the land is cut into gravel rises called 'cos', shaped by erosion and by the Garonne and its tributaries (the 'esteys' and 'jalles') digging their beds in the glacial periods. On climate, INAO notes that the river frontage moderates seasonal swings and receives measured rainfall for an Atlantic climate, thanks to the regulating thermal effect of the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Gironde estuary to the east, and that the oceanic climate produces a marked vintage effect.

INAO: wine-growing Médoc stretches nearly 80 km north to south and barely more than 10 km east to west, with vineyards between 3 and 50 metres of altitude
Soils (INAO): sandy and clayey gravel sheets carried by the Garonne and Dordogne in the Quaternary, alongside Tertiary clay-limestone soils
Gravel rises called 'cos' were shaped by erosion and by the Garonne and its tributaries, the 'esteys' and 'jalles' (INAO)
Climate (INAO): the Atlantic to the west and the Gironde estuary to the east moderate seasonal swings, and the oceanic climate brings a marked vintage effect

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Haut-Médoc and the Classified Communes

Classification ladders

Ranked classification

Cru Bourgeois du Médoc

Médoc Full article 3 tiers, lowest to highest

3 Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel

Candidates for the Exceptionnel tier must achieve High Environmental Value (HVE) level 3 certification alongside the blind tasting, technical inspection, marketing and overall assessment pillars.

HVE level 3

Candidates for Supérieur or Exceptionnel tiers must achieve High Environmental Value (HVE) level 3 certification, while standard Crus Bourgeois must hold at least HVE level 2.

From Crus Bourgeois du Médoc (2020 Classification: Exceptionnel, Supérieur, Cru Bourgeois), read from two or more sentences
2 Cru Bourgeois Supérieur

Candidates for the Supérieur tier must achieve High Environmental Value (HVE) level 3 certification in addition to the blind tasting of five vintages and technical inspection.

HVE level 3

Examples Listrac-Médoc

Exceptionnel and Supérieur candidates must hold HVE level 3 (France's highest environmental certification); standard Crus Bourgeois require at least HVE level 2

From Crus Bourgeois du Médoc (2020 Classification: Exceptionnel, Supérieur, Cru Bourgeois)
1 Cru Bourgeois

Standard Crus Bourgeois must pass the blind tasting and technical assessment and hold at least HVE level 2 environmental certification.

at least HVE level 2

Examples Pauillac Moulis-en-Médoc

Candidates for Supérieur or Exceptionnel tiers must achieve High Environmental Value (HVE) level 3 certification, while standard Crus Bourgeois must hold at least HVE level 2.

From Crus Bourgeois du Médoc (2020 Classification: Exceptionnel, Supérieur, Cru Bourgeois), read from two or more sentences

The 2003 three-tier classification was annulled in 2007 after a Bordeaux court found the evaluation panel lacked full independence, and a single-tier annual selection ran from 2010.
The 2020 classification reinstated three tiers and applies to the château rather than individual vintages, valid five years (vintages 2018 to 2022).
The 2025 classification revised the totals to 170 estates (14 Exceptionnel, 36 Supérieur, 120 Cru Bourgeois).

Tiers, criteria and figures come only from Crus Bourgeois du Médoc (2020 Classification: Exceptionnel, Supérieur, Cru Bourgeois) own text. Tap a rung for its criteria and the sentence behind it.

Ranked classification

Bordeaux 1855 Classification

Bordeaux Full article 5 tiers, lowest to highest

5 First Growth Premier Cru

Premier Cru (First Growth) stands at the top with 5 châteaux: Lafite Rothschild, Latour, Margaux, Haut-Brion and, since its 1973 promotion, Mouton Rothschild.

above 3,000 French francs per barrel

Examples Château Latour Château Margaux Château Lafite Rothschild Château Mouton Rothschild

Premier Cru (First Growth): 5 châteaux - Lafite Rothschild, Latour, Margaux, Haut-Brion, Mouton Rothschild

From 1855 Classification, read from two or more sentences
4 Second Growth Deuxième Cru

Deuxième Cru (Second Growth) today numbers 14 châteaux including Cos d'Estournel, Ducru-Beaucaillou, Léoville Las-Cases, and Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande.

2,500 to 2,700 French francs per barrel

Examples Château Léoville Barton Château Ducru-Beaucaillou Château Cos d'Estournel Château Léoville-Las Cases

Deuxième Cru (Second Growth): 14 châteaux including Cos d'Estournel, Ducru-Beaucaillou, Léoville Las-Cases, and Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande

From 1855 Classification, read from two or more sentences
3 Third Growth Troisième Cru

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 listing names 14 Troisièmes Crus (Third Growths).

Examples Château Palmer Château Giscours Château Langoa-Barton Château Kirwan

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 lists 5 First Growths, 14 Second Growths, 14 Third Growths, 10 Fourth Growths and 18 Fifth Growths among the red wines, 61 châteaux in all

From 1855 Classification, read from two or more sentences
2 Fourth Growth Quatrième Cru

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 listing names 10 Quatrièmes Crus (Fourth Growths).

Examples Château Beychevelle Château Branaire-Ducru Château Duhart-Milon Château La Tour Carnet

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 lists 5 First Growths, 14 Second Growths, 14 Third Growths, 10 Fourth Growths and 18 Fifth Growths among the red wines, 61 châteaux in all

From 1855 Classification, read from two or more sentences
1 Fifth Growth Cinquième Cru

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 listing names 18 Cinquièmes Crus (Fifth Growths), among them Château Cantemerle, added on September 16, 1855.

1,400 to 1,600 French francs per barrel

Examples Château Haut-Batailley Château Belgrave Château Cantemerle Château Clerc Milon

The Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855 lists 5 First Growths, 14 Second Growths, 14 Third Growths, 10 Fourth Growths and 18 Fifth Growths among the red wines, 61 châteaux in all

From 1855 Classification, read from two or more sentences

Properties earned their place through a long-term track record of market prices, not a single vintage, according to the Conseil des Grands Crus Classés en 1855.
Only two official changes have been made: Cantemerle added as a Fifth Growth on September 16, 1855, and Mouton Rothschild promoted from Second to First Growth in June 1973.
The rank attaches to the château, not to specific vineyards; châteaux can trade land without affecting their classification.

Tiers, criteria and figures come only from 1855 Classification own text. Tap a rung for its criteria and the sentence behind it.

Ranked classification

Sauternes and Barsac 1855 Classification

Bordeaux Full article 4 tiers, lowest to highest

4 Premier Cru Supérieur

The article names this tier without stating its criteria.

Examples Château d'Yquem Château Rieussec Château Suduiraut Graves

The parallel 1855 Sauternes and Barsac sweet wine classification recognises Château d'Yquem as Premier Cru Supérieur, with 11 Premiers Crus and 15 Deuxièmes Crus.

From the Bordeaux article
3 Premier Cru Supérieur

Château d'Yquem alone is recognised as the unique Premier Cru Supérieur, a designation that has no equivalent among the red wine First Growths.

Examples Château d'Yquem Château Rieussec Château Suduiraut Graves

The 1855 sweet wine classification recognises Château d'Yquem as the unique Premier Cru Supérieur, a designation that has no equivalent among the red wine First Growths.

From Sauternes
2 Premiers Crus

The 1855 classification ranks 11 estates as Premiers Crus (Climens, Coutet, Suduiraut, Rieussec, Guiraud, La Tour Blanche, Sigalas-Rabaud, Rabaud-Promis, Lafaurie-Peyraguey, de Rayne Vigneau, Clos Haut-Peyraguey), placed below Château d'Yquem.

Examples Barsac

The 1855 classification ranks Château d'Yquem as the unique Premier Cru Supérieur, alongside 11 Premiers Crus (Climens, Coutet, Suduiraut, Rieussec, Guiraud, La Tour Blanche, Sigalas-Rabaud, Rabaud-Promis, Lafaurie-Peyraguey, de Rayne Vigneau, Clos Haut-Peyraguey) and 15 Deuxièmes Crus

From Sauternes
1 Deuxièmes Crus

The 1855 sweet wine classification includes 15 Deuxièmes Crus below the Premiers Crus in the classified hierarchy.

Examples Château Doisy-Dubroca Barsac

Below Yquem sit 11 Premiers Crus and 15 Deuxièmes Crus, totalling 27 classified estates today.

From Sauternes

The Sauternes and Barsac ranking is a parallel sweet wine classification to the 1855 Médoc red wine classification.
The classified hierarchy totals 27 classified estates today after divisions of original properties.
Barsac estates may label their wines as either Barsac AOC or Sauternes AOC.

Tiers, criteria and figures come only from Sauternes own text and the Bordeaux article's classification section. Tap a rung for its criteria and the sentence behind it.

INAO places the Haut-Médoc AOC on the southern half of the Médoc vineyard, and bordeaux.com notes that the Haut-Médoc appellation is itself part of the Médoc delimited area and encompasses six communal appellations: Saint-Estèphe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Listrac-Médoc, Moulis and Margaux. Bordeaux.com explains that the 'Haut' refers to its position on the upper part of the estuary, towards Bordeaux, and counts 240 winegrowers across 25 communes in the Haut-Médoc as of 2026. INAO says the Haut-Médoc AOC itself has five estates in the 1855 Classification. Bordeaux.com gives Pauillac 18 Grands Crus Classés in the 1855 classification, including 3 Premiers Crus, on soils mainly of gravel, sand and clay. Saint-Julien has 11 Great Growths in the 1855 classification across 910 hectares, with a gravel layer 5 kilometres long and 3.5 kilometres wide, per bordeaux.com as of 2026. Margaux has the highest number of Great Growths in the 1855 classification, 21 of the 61 classified, across 1,500 hectares in four communes (Arsac, Labarde, Margaux-Cantenac and Soussans), per bordeaux.com as of 2026. Saint-Estèphe has 5 Great Growths in the 1855 classification across 1,200 hectares, on gravel over a marine limestone subsoil, per bordeaux.com as of 2026. Listrac-Médoc (570 hectares) and Moulis (600 hectares) complete the six; bordeaux.com, as of 2026, calls Listrac the highest point of the Médoc at 43 metres and describes Merlot as the main grape in both.

Pauillac: 18 Grands Crus Classés in the 1855 classification, including 3 Premiers Crus (bordeaux.com, as of 2026)
Saint-Julien: 11 Great Growths in the 1855 classification, 910 hectares; Cabernet Sauvignon covers over 60% of its vineyards (bordeaux.com, as of 2026)
Margaux: 21 Great Growths, the most of any appellation in the 1855 classification, across 1,500 hectares in four communes (bordeaux.com, as of 2026)
Saint-Estèphe: 5 Great Growths in the 1855 classification, 1,200 hectares; the Haut-Médoc AOC itself holds five 1855 classified estates (INAO)

Médoc AOC: the Northern Peninsula

The Médoc AOC's geographical area covers 50 communes across the wine-growing part of the peninsula, but INAO's product page places its vineyard on the northern half of the Médoc, and bordeaux.com says its red wines are mainly produced in the north of the appellation. As of 2026, bordeaux.com counts 41 communes, including 16 where Médoc AOC red wines predominate, and 285 winegrowers, who usually work in family-owned estates. Bordeaux.com describes vines sheltered from the wind by the nearby forest and a mild climate shaped by the Gironde estuary and the Atlantic Ocean. The appellation has produced dry white wines since 2025, according to bordeaux.com, and INAO's cahier des charges reserves the Médoc AOC for still white and red wines; the whites come from Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon and Muscadelle. INAO records white wine production in the Médoc since at least the early 18th century, over 16,000 hectolitres in 1929, 1,800 hectolitres in 1969 and over 5,000 hectolitres in 2023. Bordeaux.com adds that the Médoc became France's 54th Regional Natural Park in 2019.

INAO: the Médoc AOC vineyard lies on the northern half of the Médoc; the Haut-Médoc AOC on the southern half
Bordeaux.com (as of 2026): 41 communes, 16 of them where Médoc AOC reds predominate, and 285 winegrowers
White Médoc AOC since 2025 (bordeaux.com), from Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon and Muscadelle (INAO)
INAO rules for the Médoc AOC: at least 5,000 vines per hectare, a yield of 55 hl/ha, and a minimum natural alcohol of 11%

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Grapes and Wine Style

INAO's cahier des charges lists the red varieties of the Médoc AOC as Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenère, Merlot, Cot (Malbec) and Petit Verdot, and allows the adaptation varieties Arinarnoa, Castets, Marselan and Touriga Nacional at up to 5% of an estate's plantings. According to INAO, Cabernet Sauvignon is the variety of choice on gravel soils, Merlot is sought for its fruit, Cabernet Franc goes on limestone-dominant soils and Petit Verdot on warm, free-draining land. The red wines are tannic and deeply coloured, INAO says, built mainly on Cabernet Sauvignon, which gives spicy notes, with Merlot adding roundness, suppleness and red fruit aromas, and Cabernet Franc or Petit Verdot reinforcing structure and complexity, Petit Verdot also adding freshness. INAO credits the reds with excellent ageing aptitude. Proportions vary by commune: bordeaux.com gives Saint-Estèphe 50% Cabernet Sauvignon, 40% Merlot, 7% Cabernet Franc and 3% Petit Verdot as of 2026, while Merlot is the main grape in Listrac-Médoc and Moulis. JancisRobinson.com describes the four famous communes, in theory, as silky and fragrant (Margaux), perfectly balanced (Saint-Julien), minerals and cassis (Pauillac) and slightly austere (Saint-Estèphe). The Crus Bourgeois du Médoc classification, first drawn up in 1932, listed 249 châteaux in 2020 (14 Exceptionnel, 56 Supérieur, 179 Cru Bourgeois, per Decanter) and 170 in 2025 (14 Exceptionnel, 36 Supérieur, 120 Cru Bourgeois, per Decanter), across seven Médoc appellations per bordeaux.com.

Red varieties (INAO): Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Cot (Malbec) and Carmenère
Saint-Estèphe plantings: 50% Cabernet Sauvignon, 40% Merlot, 7% Cabernet Franc, 3% Petit Verdot (bordeaux.com, as of 2026)
Style: intense colour, tannic structure and excellent ageing aptitude (INAO); INAO says Petit Verdot adds freshness, and bordeaux.com's Moulis page says it adds a touch of acidity; bordeaux.com's Pauillac page notes blackcurrant liqueur and cedar
Crus Bourgeois du Médoc: 249 châteaux in 2020 and 170 in 2025 across three tiers (Decanter)

Sources and last verified

Primary sources (INAO and bordeaux.com, the Bordeaux wine interprofession): https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/medoc/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/haut-medoc/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/classifications/crus-bourgeois-du-medoc/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/classifications/classifications-1855/, https://www.inao.gouv.fr/produit/medoc-22282, https://www.inao.gouv.fr/produit/haut-medoc-22284, https://extranet.inao.gouv.fr/fichier/2-PNO-CDC-Medoc.pdf, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/pauillac/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/saint-julien/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/margaux/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/saint-estephe/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/listrac-medoc/, https://www.bordeaux.com/en/designations/medoc/moulis/. Secondary sources: https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/opinion/news-blogs-anson/anson-new-cru-bourgeois-classification-432634/, https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/eight-new-estates-upgraded-to-top-of-cru-bourgeois-classification-as-2025-results-revealed-550748/, https://www.jancisrobinson.com/learn/wine-regions/france/bordeaux/medoc. Last verified 2026-09-24

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Flavor Profile

Médoc red wines are anchored by Cabernet Sauvignon's classic Left Bank profile: deep ruby colour, blackcurrant, cassis, and dark cherry fruit, with the firm tannic structure and mineral graphite character that defines age-worthy claret. Pauillac wines lead with the most structured, dense profile and the longest aging trajectories. Saint-Julien shows comparable structure with greater elegance and slightly earlier accessibility. Margaux wines emphasise floral perfume, violet aromatics, and silken tannin integration. Saint-Estèphe brings fuller, more rustic character with slower evolution. With age, Médoc wines develop tertiary complexity: cedar, tobacco, leather, dried herbs, forest floor, and integrated oak. Médoc AOC and lesser Haut-Médoc wines show similar profiles at less concentrated scale. French oak aging (typically 12 to 24 months in 225-litre barriques, with 50 to 100 percent new oak at classified estates) adds vanilla, toast, and spice complexity.

Food Pairings

Roast rack of lamb with herbs and jusDry-aged ribeye or côte de boeufDuck breast with cherry sauceBraised beef short ribs or boeuf bourguignonAged Comté or aged CheddarWild mushroom and truffle dishes

How to Say It

Médocmeh-DOK

Haut-Médocoh meh-DOK

Pauillacpoh-YAK

Saint-Juliensan zhoo-LYAHN

Margauxmar-GOH

Saint-Estèphesan-tes-TEFF

Listrac-Médoclees-TRAK meh-DOK

Moulis-en-Médocmoo-LEES ahn meh-DOK

Cru Bourgeoiskroo boor-ZHWAH

Girondezhee-ROHND

Exam Study NotesWSET / CMS

Médoc: Left Bank peninsula north of Bordeaux between the Atlantic and the Gironde estuary; INAO gives the wine-growing part nearly 80 km north to south and barely more than 10 km east to west, across 50 communes.
Eight appellations (bordeaux.com): Médoc (northern half of the vineyard, per INAO), Haut-Médoc (southern half) and six communal AOCs: Saint-Estèphe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Listrac-Médoc, Moulis, Margaux.
1855 Classification reds: 60 Médoc estates plus Château Haut-Brion in the Graves (bordeaux.com); by commune, Margaux 21, Pauillac 18 (3 Premiers Crus), Saint-Julien 11, Saint-Estèphe 5, and the Haut-Médoc AOC 5 (INAO).
Terroir (INAO): Quaternary gravel rises called 'cos' cut by the 'jalles', over or beside Tertiary clay-limestone; the Atlantic and Gironde give a regulating thermal effect and a marked vintage effect.
Cabernet Sauvignon is the majority variety in Médoc and Haut-Médoc reds (INAO), but Merlot leads in Listrac-Médoc and Moulis (bordeaux.com); Crus Bourgeois du Médoc: 249 châteaux in 2020, 170 in 2025 (Decanter).

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Médoc

Historical Development

Geography, Climate, and Terroir

The glasses, tools, and cards I stand behind.

Haut-Médoc and the Classified Communes

Médoc AOC: the Northern Peninsula

The map that explains this region.

Grapes and Wine Style

Sources and last verified

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Drinking your way through Médoc?

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