{"feedVersion":1,"generatedAt":"2026-10-23T19:46:56.515Z","note":"Renderable methods only (three or more steps). Every value comes from the defining article's own text; see docs/process-schema.md. stepUrl in a method record deep-links the stepper to that step.","processCount":51,"renderableCount":50,"count":50,"stepCount":273,"processes":[
{"key":"ancestral-method","name":"Ancestral method (pet-nat)","category":"sparkling","categoryLabel":"Sparkling","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Monitor fermentation before bottling","Slow fermentation with cold","Racking or light filtration","Bottling under crown cap","Fermentation resumes in bottle","Optional disgorgement"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"petillant-naturel","title":"Pétillant Naturel / Pét-Nat (Ancestral Method, Bottled Mid-Ferment)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/petillant-naturel/#process-ancestral-method","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/ancestral-method.json"},
{"key":"carbonation","name":"Carbonation (injected CO2)","category":"sparkling","categoryLabel":"Sparkling","stepCount":3,"stepLabels":["Start from a base wine","Chill the wine","Inject carbon dioxide"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"carbonation-injected-co2-sparkling-wine","title":"Carbonation (Injected CO2 Sparkling Wine)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-24","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/carbonation-injected-co2-sparkling-wine/#process-carbonation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/carbonation.json"},
{"key":"tank-method","name":"Tank method (Charmat)","category":"sparkling","categoryLabel":"Sparkling","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Base wine into autoclave","Second fermentation in sealed tank","Racking and chilling","Isobaric filtration and bottling"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"charmat-method","title":"Charmat Method","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-25","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/charmat-method/#process-tank-method","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/tank-method.json"},
{"key":"traditional-method","name":"Traditional method","category":"sparkling","categoryLabel":"Sparkling","stepCount":8,"stepLabels":["Assemblage of base wines","Tirage and bottling","Prise de mousse (secondary fermentation)","Aging sur lie","Remuage (riddling)","Dégorgement (disgorgement)","Dosage addition","Corking, muzzling and cellar rest"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"traditional-method-methode-champenoise-methode-traditionnelle","title":"Traditional Method / Méthode Champenoise (Méthode Traditionnelle)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/traditional-method-methode-champenoise-methode-traditionnelle/#process-traditional-method","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/traditional-method.json"},
{"key":"transfer-method","name":"Transfer method","category":"sparkling","categoryLabel":"Sparkling","stepCount":8,"stepLabels":["Blending and liqueur de tirage","Secondary fermentation in bottle","Lees aging in bottle","Isobaric transfer installation","Transfer under counter-pressure","Filtration in tank","Liqueur de dosage addition","Rebottling under inert gas"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"transfer-method-sparkling-wine","title":"Transfer Method Sparkling Wine","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/transfer-method-sparkling-wine/#process-transfer-method","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/transfer-method.json"},
{"key":"barrel-fermentation","name":"Barrel fermentation","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Transfer juice to barrels","Active fermentation in barrel","Passive micro-oxygenation","Malolactic fermentation in same barrel","Lees contact and bâtonnage"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"barrel-fermentation-chardonnay-semillon-whites","title":"Barrel Fermentation (Chardonnay, Sémillon, Whites)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/barrel-fermentation-chardonnay-semillon-whites/#process-barrel-fermentation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/barrel-fermentation.json"},
{"key":"carbonic-maceration","name":"Carbonic maceration","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Vatting of intact clusters","Maceration-fermentation inside berries","Liquid-phase yeast fermentation","Second conventional yeast fermentation","Malolactic fermentation"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"intra-cellular-fermentation-carbonic-maceration","title":"Intracellular Fermentation: Carbonic Maceration","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/intra-cellular-fermentation-carbonic-maceration/#process-carbonic-maceration","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/carbonic-maceration.json"},
{"key":"co-inoculation","name":"Co-inoculation","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["SO2 management at crush","Inoculate must with yeast","Add O. oeni cultures","Concurrent alcoholic and malolactic fermentation","Earlier protective SO2 addition"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"co-inoculation-primary-mlf","title":"Co-Inoculation — Simultaneous Alcoholic and Malolactic Fermentation","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/co-inoculation-primary-mlf/#process-co-inoculation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/co-inoculation.json"},
{"key":"cold-soak","name":"Cold soak","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Crush and load chilled tanks","Cover and gas blanket","SO2 addition at crush","Hold must on skins"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"cold-soak-cold-maceration","title":"Cold Soak / Cold Maceration (Pre-Fermentation Skin Contact for Color & Aroma)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/cold-soak-cold-maceration/#process-cold-soak","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/cold-soak.json"},
{"key":"malolactic-conversion","name":"Malolactic conversion","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Decide to promote or block","Timing after alcoholic fermentation","Inoculate with O. oeni","Withhold SO₂, hold temperature","Manage diacetyl levels","Assess and re-inoculate if stuck","Stabilise against bottle MLF"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"malolactic-fermentation","title":"Malolactic Fermentation","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/malolactic-fermentation/#process-malolactic-conversion","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/malolactic-conversion.json"},
{"key":"qvevri-fermentation","name":"Qvevri fermentation","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Cleaning the qvevri","Filling with chacha","Spontaneous wild yeast fermentation","Frequent stirring","Racking off the clear wine"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"qvevri-fermentation","title":"Qvevri Fermentation","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/qvevri-fermentation/#process-qvevri-fermentation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/qvevri-fermentation.json"},
{"key":"semi-carbonic-maceration","name":"Semi-carbonic maceration","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Hand harvest intact bunches","Load whole clusters into vessel","Bottom grapes ferment conventionally","CO₂ creates anaerobic atmosphere","Intracellular fermentation in whole berries","Berries burst, fermentation completes","Pressing the whole clusters"],"variantCount":0,"defining":{"slug":"semi-carbonic-maceration","title":"Semi-Carbonic Maceration","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/semi-carbonic-maceration/#process-semi-carbonic-maceration","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/semi-carbonic-maceration.json"},
{"key":"skin-contact-white","name":"Skin-contact white (orange wine)","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":3,"stepLabels":["Stir in the qvevri","Seal and macerate","Draw off in spring"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"skin-contact-white-orange-fermentation","title":"Skin Contact White Wine / Orange Wine","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/skin-contact-white-orange-fermentation/#process-skin-contact-white","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/skin-contact-white.json"},
{"key":"still-winemaking","name":"Still winemaking (grape to glass)","category":"fermentation","categoryLabel":"Fermentation","stepCount":9,"stepLabels":["Harvest","Sort, destem, crush","Press or keep skins","Fermentation","Cap management","Malolactic fermentation","Aging in a vessel","Fining and filtration","Sulfur addition and bottling"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"how-wine-is-made","title":"How Wine Is Made: From Grape to Glass","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/how-wine-is-made/#process-still-winemaking","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/still-winemaking.json"},
{"key":"direct-press-rose","name":"Direct-press rose","category":"maceration","categoryLabel":"Maceration and pressing","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Night harvest","Slow gentle press cycle","Cold settling under inert gas","Cool stainless steel fermentation","Lees stirring and oak"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"rose-direct-press-provence","title":"Rosé: Direct Press Method (Provence; Pale, Delicate Style)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/rose-direct-press-provence/#process-direct-press-rose","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/direct-press-rose.json"},
{"key":"extended-maceration","name":"Extended maceration","category":"maceration","categoryLabel":"Maceration and pressing","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Prolong skin contact after fermentation","Protect wine from oxidation","Periodic cap management","Manage seed tannin extraction","Complete malolactic fermentation","Start small and assess"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"extended-maceration","title":"Extended Maceration","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/extended-maceration/#process-extended-maceration","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/extended-maceration.json"},
{"key":"foot-treading","name":"Foot treading in lagares","category":"maceration","categoryLabel":"Maceration and pressing","stepCount":3,"stepLabels":["Corte (cut)","Liberdade (liberty)","Punching down with macacos"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"foot-treading-lagares-port","title":"Traditional Foot Treading in Lagares (Port — Douro Valley)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/foot-treading-lagares-port/#process-foot-treading","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/foot-treading.json"},
{"key":"saignee","name":"Saignee","category":"maceration","categoryLabel":"Maceration and pressing","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Crush and begin maceration","Bleed juice from tank","Ferment concentrated red must","Ferment bled juice separately"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"saignee-method","title":"Saignée Method (Bleeding the Tank for Rosé and Red Concentration)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/saignee-method/#process-saignee","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/saignee.json"},
{"key":"short-maceration-rose","name":"Short-maceration rose","category":"maceration","categoryLabel":"Maceration and pressing","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Load crushed grapes into vessels","Skin contact maceration","Monitor colour development","Maintain cool temperature","Press and discard skins","Blend free-run and press wine","Cool fermentation like white wine"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"rose-short-maceration","title":"Rosé — Short Maceration (Hours of Skin Contact)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/rose-short-maceration/#process-short-maceration-rose","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/short-maceration-rose.json"},
{"key":"amphora-ageing","name":"Amphora ageing","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Make and line the qvevri","Bury vessel in marani","Ferment on skins in qvevri","Seal lid and macerate","Decant and transfer","Clean and re-coat vessel"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"amphora-qvevri-tinajas-dolium","title":"Amphora / Qvevri / Tinajas / Dolium (Clay Vessel Winemaking — Georgia, Spain, Italy)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/amphora-qvevri-tinajas-dolium/#process-amphora-ageing","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/amphora-ageing.json"},
{"key":"batonnage","name":"Batonnage","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Age wine on fine lees","Stir lees back into suspension","Set stirring frequency","Determine total lees contact"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"batonnage","title":"Bâtonnage","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/batonnage/#process-batonnage","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/batonnage.json"},
{"key":"concrete-egg","name":"Concrete egg ageing","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Micro-oxidation through walls","Convection during fermentation","Natural lees suspension","Thermal stabilization"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"concrete-egg-vessel","title":"Concrete Egg / Vessel","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/concrete-egg-vessel/#process-concrete-egg","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/concrete-egg.json"},
{"key":"lees-ageing","name":"Lees ageing (sur lie)","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Lees settle after fermentation","Remove gross lees promptly","Autolysis and compound release","Bâtonnage (stirring the lees)","Riddling and disgorgement"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"sur-lie-aging","title":"Sur Lie Aging","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/sur-lie-aging/#process-lees-ageing","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/lees-ageing.json"},
{"key":"micro-oxygenation","name":"Micro-oxygenation","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Install diffuser in tank","Set dosage rate and timing","Control temperature and SO2","Structuring stage","Harmonization stage","Monitor and halt treatment"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"micro-oxygenation-mox","title":"Micro-Oxygenation (MOx)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/micro-oxygenation-mox/#process-micro-oxygenation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/micro-oxygenation.json"},
{"key":"perpetual-reserve","name":"Perpetual reserve","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Establish perpetual reserve cuve","Annual draw-off of reserve","Use drawn wine in current blend","Progressive aging of reserve mass"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"perpetual-reserve-systems","title":"Perpetual Reserve Systems","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/perpetual-reserve-systems/#process-perpetual-reserve","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/perpetual-reserve.json"},
{"key":"racking","name":"Racking","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["First racking after pressing","Post-MLF racking","Additional rackings during barrel aging","Pre-bottling racking"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"racking-soutirage","title":"Racking (Soutirage)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/racking-soutirage/#process-racking","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/racking.json"},
{"key":"vin-jaune-ageing","name":"Vin Jaune oxidative ageing (sous voile)","category":"maturation","categoryLabel":"Maturation","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Late harvest of Savagnin","Fermentation and malolactic fermentation","Transfer to used oak barrels","No topping up","Voile develops fully","Ageing sous voile without handling","Bottling in the clavelin"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"vin-jaune-jura-oxidative-aging","title":"Vin Jaune / Jura Oxidative Aging (No Topping Up — Voile Yeast)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/vin-jaune-jura-oxidative-aging/#process-vin-jaune-ageing","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/vin-jaune-ageing.json"},
{"key":"flor-ageing","name":"Biological ageing under flor","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":8,"stepLabels":["Ferment Palomino to dryness","Fortify to 15% ABV","Fill botas five-sixths full","Flor veil forms","Flor metabolises the wine","Autolysis of dead flor cells","Refresh through solera and criaderas","Age in barrel then bottle"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"biological-aging-flor","title":"Biological Aging Under Flor Yeast (Sherry Fino & Manzanilla)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/biological-aging-flor/#process-flor-ageing","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/flor-ageing.json"},
{"key":"madeira-estufagem-canteiro","name":"Madeira estufagem and canteiro","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Fermentation after harvest","Fortification with grape spirit","Direct base wine to method","Estufagem heating in tank","Canteiro aging in attic casks","Moving casks down the lodge"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"madeira-estufagem","title":"Madeira Estufagem vs. Canteiro: Two Maturation Methods Explained","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/madeira-estufagem/#process-madeira-estufagem-canteiro","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/madeira-estufagem-canteiro.json"},
{"key":"marsala-in-perpetuum","name":"Marsala fortification (in perpetuum)","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Dry base fermentation","Post-fermentation fortification","Adding the concia","Oak aging by category","Yearly draw from oldest barrels","Refill with younger wine"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"marsala-fortification-tradition","title":"Marsala Fortification Tradition","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-25","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/marsala-fortification-tradition/#process-marsala-in-perpetuum","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/marsala-in-perpetuum.json"},
{"key":"oxidative-ageing","name":"Oxidative ageing without flor","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":8,"stepLabels":["Fortification above flor threshold","Butts not filled to the top","Acetaldehyde accumulation","Esterification in barrel","Estufagem heating in Madeira","Concentration through evaporation (merma)","Solera and criaderas blending","Drawing for bottling"],"variantCount":0,"defining":{"slug":"oxidative-aging-without-flor","title":"Oxidative Aging Without Flor (Oloroso, Madeira Canteiro Method)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/oxidative-aging-without-flor/#process-oxidative-ageing","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/oxidative-ageing.json"},
{"key":"port-fortification","name":"Port fortification","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Monitor parcel sugar levels","Source aguardente at 77% ABV","Time addition mid-fermentation","Add spirit to must","Yeast killed, sweetness locked in","Cask or bottle aging"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"fortification","title":"Fortification: Grape Spirit (Aguardente) Added Mid-Fermentation","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/fortification/#process-port-fortification","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/port-fortification.json"},
{"key":"sherry-fortification","name":"Sherry fortification and ageing pathways","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Ferment base wine dry","Fortify with grape spirit","Flor veil forms","Solera and criaderas refreshment","Spring and autumn flor vigour"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"sherry-fortification-flor-yeast","title":"Sherry Fortification and Flor Yeast: The Biological Aging System","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-28","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/sherry-fortification-flor-yeast/#process-sherry-fortification","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/sherry-fortification.json"},
{"key":"sherry-solera","name":"Sherry solera","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Multi-tiered barrel arrangement","Fill butts leaving headspace","Saca from the solera","Rocío from primera criadera","Cascade up through tiers","Replenish tier by tier"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"solera-system","title":"Solera System: Fractional Blending (Sherry, Madeira, Some Ports)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-25","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/solera-system/#process-sherry-solera","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/sherry-solera.json"},
{"key":"vin-doux-naturel","name":"Vin doux naturel (mutage)","category":"fortified","categoryLabel":"Fortified","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Partial fermentation of ripe fruit","Timing the mutage","Mutage with neutral grape spirit","Mutage sur grains or sur jus","Complete mutage before December 31","Reductive or oxidative ageing"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"vin-doux-naturel","title":"Vin Doux Naturel (VDN): Muscat, Banyuls, Maury, Rivesaltes","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/vin-doux-naturel/#process-vin-doux-naturel","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/vin-doux-naturel.json"},
{"key":"appassimento","name":"Appassimento","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Select fruit for appassimento","Lay or hang bunches in fruttai","Dry grapes to weight loss","Control humidity, airflow, temperature","Vinification after 1 December","Ferment high-sugar must","Age the wine in wood"],"variantCount":6,"defining":{"slug":"appassimento","title":"Appassimento","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-25","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/appassimento/#process-appassimento","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/appassimento.json"},
{"key":"arrested-fermentation","name":"Arrested fermentation","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Partial alcoholic fermentation","Chill the ferment","Filter out the yeast","Sterile filtration at bottling"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"arrested-fermentation","title":"Arrested Fermentation","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-24","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/arrested-fermentation/#process-arrested-fermentation","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/arrested-fermentation.json"},
{"key":"botrytis-selection","name":"Botrytis selection","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":3,"stepLabels":["Monitor weather and sugar","Noble rot concentrates berries","Handle each portion separately"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"botrytis-selection","title":"Botrytis Selection: Tries Successives (Multiple Passes)","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/botrytis-selection/#process-botrytis-selection","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/botrytis-selection.json"},
{"key":"cryoextraction","name":"Cryoextraction","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Mechanical freezing of harvested grapes","Timing of the freeze","Pressing while partially frozen","Slow fermentation of concentrated must"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"cryoextraction-for-late-harvest-concentration","title":"Cryoextraction for Late Harvest Concentration","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/cryoextraction-for-late-harvest-concentration/#process-cryoextraction","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/cryoextraction.json"},
{"key":"governo","name":"Governo","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":4,"stepLabels":["Set aside part of harvest","Partial drying of grapes","Base wine completes primary fermentation","Slow secondary fermentation"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"governo-all-uso-toscano","title":"Governo all'Uso Toscano","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/governo-all-uso-toscano/#process-governo","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/governo.json"},
{"key":"ice-wine","name":"Ice wine","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Register vineyard plots","Leave grapes on the vine","Wait for sustained freeze","Pick frozen clusters before sunrise","Press while still frozen","Slow difficult fermentation"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"eiswein-naturally-frozen-grape-wine","title":"Eiswein: Naturally Frozen Grape Wine","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/eiswein-naturally-frozen-grape-wine/#process-ice-wine","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/ice-wine.json"},
{"key":"late-harvest","name":"Late harvest","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Leave grapes on the vine","Dehydration on the vine","Noble rot development","Track sugar, acidity, pH","Arrest at target sweetness"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"late-harvest-wine-production","title":"Late Harvest Wine Production","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/late-harvest-wine-production/#process-late-harvest","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/late-harvest.json"},
{"key":"tokaji-aszu","name":"Tokaji Aszu","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":7,"stepLabels":["Selective berry picking","Hand-pick botrytized berries","Crush berries into paste","Macerate in must or wine","Pressing","Fermentation and barrel aging","Cellar maturation in rock cellars"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"tokaji-aszu","title":"Tokaji Aszú","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/tokaji-aszu/#process-tokaji-aszu","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/tokaji-aszu.json"},
{"key":"vin-de-paille","name":"Vin de paille","category":"sweet","categoryLabel":"Sweet","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Hand-harvest healthy grapes","Drying on straw or racks","Pressing the dried grapes","Slow natural fermentation","Ageing in oak barrels","Bottle and labelling rules"],"variantCount":3,"defining":{"slug":"vin-de-paille-jura","title":"Vin de Paille: Jura's Straw Wine","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/vin-de-paille-jura/#process-vin-de-paille","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/vin-de-paille.json"},
{"key":"rancio","name":"Rancio","category":"style","categoryLabel":"Style","stepCount":3,"stepLabels":["High fortification","Partially fill oxidative vessels","Prolonged oxidative aging"],"variantCount":4,"defining":{"slug":"rancio-character","title":"Rancio Character — Oxidative Aging in Fortified Wine & Vin Doux Naturel","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/rancio-character/#process-rancio","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/rancio.json"},
{"key":"acidification","name":"Acidification","category":"finishing","categoryLabel":"Finishing and adjustment","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Identify acidity deficiency","Bench trials on samples","Dissolve and blend into tank","Monitor reds before malolactic","Cold stabilization before bottling"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"tartaric-acid-addition-acidification","title":"Tartaric Acid Addition (Acidification: Standard Practice in the New World, Regulated in the EU)","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/tartaric-acid-addition-acidification/#process-acidification","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/acidification.json"},
{"key":"bottling","name":"Bottling","category":"finishing","categoryLabel":"Finishing and adjustment","stepCount":8,"stepLabels":["Adjust gases","Filter in-line","Rinse the bottles","Purge with inert gas","Fill to height","Protect the headspace","Seal","Check dissolved oxygen"],"variantCount":1,"defining":{"slug":"bottling-and-closures","title":"Bottling and Closures","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"high","verifiedAt":"2026-09-24","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/bottling-and-closures/#process-bottling","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/bottling.json"},
{"key":"chaptalization","name":"Chaptalization","category":"finishing","categoryLabel":"Finishing and adjustment","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Dissolve sugar into must portion","Blend syrup back into tank","Apply standard working ratio","Enzymatic breakdown of sucrose","Choose timing of addition"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"chaptalization-adding-sugar-pre-fermentation","title":"Chaptalization — Adding Sugar Before Fermentation","category":"wine_terms"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/chaptalization-adding-sugar-pre-fermentation/#process-chaptalization","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/chaptalization.json"},
{"key":"de-acidification","name":"De-acidification","category":"finishing","categoryLabel":"Finishing and adjustment","stepCount":5,"stepLabels":["Bench trials before bulk addition","Treat at must stage","Calcium carbonate addition","Monitor TA and pH","Cold stabilization after treatment"],"variantCount":2,"defining":{"slug":"de-acidification-methods","title":"De-Acidification — Calcium Carbonate, Malolactic Fermentation, and the Double Salt Method","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/de-acidification-methods/#process-de-acidification","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/de-acidification.json"},
{"key":"fining","name":"Fining","category":"finishing","categoryLabel":"Finishing and adjustment","stepCount":6,"stepLabels":["Bench-scale fining trials","Select agent and dosage","Add agent to juice or wine","Fining versus filtration","Settling in the tank","Racking off the lees"],"variantCount":5,"defining":{"slug":"fining-agents","title":"Fining Agents","category":"winemaking"},"confidence":"medium","verifiedAt":"2026-09-21","articleUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/fining-agents/#process-fining","dataUrl":"https://www.winewithseth.com/winewiki/winemaking/data/fining.json"}
]}